Dairy Monsters
We used to take it for granted that milk was good for us. But now the industry faces a crisis,
with the public questioning such assumptions. So just how healthy is milk?
Anne Karpf investigates

The Guardian

 

Back to Articles Page


Does God's own PR company handle the account for milk? How else has it managed to hang on to its untarnished image, despite gallons of evidence to the contrary? White ergo pure, natural, nutritionally essential: milk seems more an element than a product, as if it were nature in a carton. While the reputation of other animal foodstuffs has plummeted, milk's has stayed relatively buoyant. Indeed, many people believe that their health will be jeopardised if they don't drink it. In the US, milk is virtually the national emblem (apple pie, in comparison, is an also-ran).

Yet something is bubbling up in the milk pan. The animal welfare groups, for so long preoccupied with chicken and beef farming, have begun to take up the cause of the dairy cow. The scientific evidence, too, is massing up that regular consumption of large quantities of milk can be bad for your health, and campaigners are making a noise about the environmental and international costs of large-scale intensive European dairy farming. Will milk be the site on which health scares meet animal rights? We have been weaned on the idea that cows' milk is the most complete food to serve youngsters - default sustenance for picky children, liquid calcium for thirsty bones. So thorough is our dairy indoctrination that it requires a total gestalt switch to contemplate the notion that milk may help to cause the very diseases it's meant to prevent. Yet as far back as 1974, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) was answering the question, "Should milk drinking by children be discouraged?" (even posing it seems heretical) with a "maybe."

Today, there's a big bank of scientific evidence against milk consumption, alleging not only that it causes some diseases but, equally damning, that it fails to prevent others for which it has traditionally been seen as a panacea. At the same time, new claims about its health-enhancing properties are being advanced almost monthly - 30 years on, the AAP has changed its mind and now recommends dairy products for children. For this is a story of
evidence and counter-evidence, of an elixir tainted and attempts to restore it to its previous pre-eminence. At stake are enormous commercial interests, deeply rooted patterns of agriculture and consumption - and our health.

It starts in infancy. Frank Oski, former paediatrics director at Johns Hopkins school of medicine, estimated in his book Don't Drink Your Milk! that half of all iron deficiency in US infants results from cows' milk-induced intestinal bleeding - a staggering amount, since more than 15% of American under-twos suffer from iron-deficiency anaemia. The infants, it seems, drink so much milk (which is very low in iron) that they have little appetite left for foods containing iron; at the same time, the milk, by inducing gastrointestinal bleeding, causes iron loss. The dairy industry acknowledges (as Hippocrates did) that some people are allergic to milk - though this makes it sound as if the problem lies in the individual's aberrant constitution, rather than in the beverage itself.

Yet, when you look at it more closely, the extent of lactose intolerance is extraordinary. Lactose is the sugar in milk, and it needs to be broken down by the enzyme lactase that lives in our intestines and bowels. If the lactose we absorb is greater than our lactase capacity, undigested lactose travels to the large intestine, where it ferments, producing gas, carbon dioxide and lactic acid. The result? Bloating, cramps, diarrhoea and farts. In 1965, investigators at Johns Hopkins found that 15% of all the white people and almost three-quarters of all the black people they tested were unable to digest lactose. Milk, it seemed, was a racial issue, and far more people in the world are unable than able to digest lactose. That includes most Thais, Japanese, Arabs and Ashkenazi Jews, and 50% of Indians.

According to various studies, there's a whole catalogue of other illnesses that can be attributed to cows' milk, among them diabetes. A 1992 report in the New England Journal of Medicine corroborated a long-standing theory that proteins in cows' milk can damage the production of insulin in those with a genetic predisposition to diabetes. The dairy industry dismisses this as "just a theory" - along with "myth" and "controversial", a term it applies to almost all studies critical of milk. The anti-milk lobby also claims that consumption of dairy products can aggravate rheumatoid arthritis and has been implicated in colic, acne, heart disease, asthma, lymphoma, ovarian cancer and multiple sclerosis. Major studies suggesting a link between milk and prostate cancer have been appearing since the 1970s, culminating in findings by the Harvard School of Public Health in 2000 that men who consumed two and a half servings of dairy products a day had a third greater risk of getting prostate cancer than those who ate less than half a serving a day. In the same year, T Colin Campbell, the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at Cornell University, said that "cows' milk protein may be the single most significant chemical carcinogen to which humans are exposed".

Yet even if milk does play a part in causing some diseases, surely it's crucial in avoiding others? "After the first year of life," concluded Oski, "the child requires no milk of any type. The child, like... adults, can thrive without cow milk ever crossing [its] lips." A profane statement such as that lights a flare of questions. What about osteoporosis and our need for calcium? Surely if we don't eat dairy products we'll become brittle-boned and frail, destined for the dowager's hump? It's an intriguing coincidence that just as the alarm was sounding about the fat content of milk products, along came the panic about osteoporosis to propel us straight back to dairy.

To the milk critics, the shibboleth that osteoporosis is caused by calcium deficiency is one of the great myths of our time (each side accuses the other of myth peddling). Mark Hegsted, a retired Harvard professor of nutrition, has said, "To assume that osteoporosis is due to calcium deficiency is like assuming that infection is due to penicillin deficiency." In fact, the bone loss and deteriorating bone tissue that take place in osteoporosis are due not to calcium deficiency but rather to its resorption: it's not that our bodies don't get enough calcium, rather that they excrete too much of what they already have. So we need to find out what it is that's breaking down calcium stores in the first place, to the extent that more than one in three British women now suffers from osteoporosis.

The most important culprit is almost certainly the overconsumption of protein. High-protein foods such as meat, eggs and dairy make excessive demands on the kidneys, which in turn leach calcium from the body. One solution, then, isn't to increase our calcium intake, but to reduce our consumption of protein, so our bones don't have to surrender so much calcium. Astonishingly, according to this newer, more critical view, dairy products almost certainly help to cause, rather than prevent, osteoporosis. Consider this: American women are among the biggest consumers of calcium in the world, yet still have one of the highest levels of osteoporosis in the world. Lots of researchers have tried to work out the relationship between these two facts. A study funded by the US National Dairy Council, for example, gave a group of postmenopausal women three 8oz glasses of skimmed milk a day for two years, then compared their bones with those of a control group of women not given the milk. The dairy group consumed 1,400mg of calcium a day, yet lost bone at twice the rate of the control group.

Similarly, the Harvard Nurses' Health Study found that women who consumed the most calcium from dairy foods broke more bones than those who rarely drank milk. Another piece of research found that women who get most of their protein from animal sources have three times the rate of bone loss and hip fractures of women who get most of their protein from vegetable sources, according to a 2001 National Institutes of Health study. The pattern of diet and fractures in other parts of the world is equally revealing. Most Chinese people eat and drink no dairy products, and get all their calcium from vegetables. Yet while they consume only half the calcium of Americans, osteoporosis is uncommon in China, despite an average life expectancy of 70. In South Africa, Bantu women who eat mostly plant protein and only 200-350mg of calcium a day have virtually no osteoporosis, despite bearing on average six children and breastfeeding for prolonged periods. Their African-American brothers and sisters, who ingest on average more than 1,000mg of calcium a day, are nine times more likely to experience hip fractures. Campbell puts it unequivocally: "The association between the intake of animal protein and fracture rates appears to be as strong as that between cigarette smoking and lung cancer."

Almost none of these scientific findings has been reflected in mainstream nutritional advice, which continues to emphasise the need for calcium. In fact, the recommendations on calcium are now so high that it is difficult to devise practical diets that meet them. The AAP, for example, currently recommends five daily servings from the milk group for adolescents (try getting those into figure-conscious teenage girls).

But there's another vital part of the calcium puzzle that suggests that the American Dietetic Association and its UK counterparts are looking in the wrong place. Instead of recommending multiple servings of dairy, they'd probably have done better to advise women, and especially teenage girls, to take more exercise. A 15-year study published in the British Medical Journal found that exercise may be the best protection against hip fractures and that "reduced intake of dietary calcium does not seem to be a risk factor". Similarly, researchers at Penn State University concluded that bone density is affected by how much exercise girls get in their teen years, when up to half of their skeletal mass is developed. The girls who took part in this research had wildly different calcium intakes, but it had no lasting effect on their bone health. "We [had] hypothesised that increased calcium intake would result in better adolescent bone gain," said one researcher. "Needless to say, we were surprised to find our hypothesis refuted."

What's the dairy industry's response to all this? The Americans say the idea that excess protein makes you pee out calcium is controversial. The British call it a myth. And those figures on the higher rates of fracture in countries where large amounts of dairy are consumed? Ah, they say, that can be explained by the fact that the northern hemisphere has a limited number of months a year when we're outside for long enough for our bodies to synthesise vitamin D, which is vital for the absorption of calcium. And they're right - vitamin D is critical. In a major follow-up to the Nurses' Health Study, the risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women was reduced not by milk or a high-calcium diet, but by higher vitamin D intake. The Dairy Council also says that we protein- and calcium-guzzling northerners keep breaking our hips because of our sedentary lifestyle - ie, we don't exercise enough. Remarkably, here they acknowledge one of the milk critics' central arguments: that no matter how much calcium you down, without adequate exercise and vitamin D, it's to no avail. So much for milk as the great bone protector.

By now, the reader (unless you're Bantu) may be despairing. So what is it that you should be eating? Should we eat nothing, since all of it makes us sick? Or, in that case, we might as well eat everything? For the record, calcium from leafy vegetables seems pretty benign (though watch out for pesticides) - it is, after all, where elephants, rhinos and most other animals get their strong bones from - as are nuts, seeds and dried fruit. Absurd, says the dairy industry: you'd need seven servings of cooked broccoli or eight medium bags of peanuts to get the same amount of calcium as in a 200ml glass of milk. Milk isn't only nutrient-dense, but it needs no preparation and is easily swallowed, both important considerations with the very young and the old.

But given that the benefits of cows' milk have been seriously questioned, why is it still nutritional orthodoxy and a staple of government policy? One reason is history. Even within living memory, rickets was widespread. In the poor living conditions that the working class had to endure early last century, milk seemed indispensable, with the result that it came to be indissolubly linked to health. The 1934 Milk Act, providing elementary schoolchildren with a third of a pint a day at the subsidised price of a halfpenny, enshrined this idea; by 1965, the majority of English and Welsh schoolchildren were downing their daily third. When, in 1971, as minister of education, Margaret Thatcher controversially decided to withdraw free school milk for children over seven, she was widely vilified as a "milk-snatcher". (Perhaps she's retrospectively due some gratitude?) Yet already 10 years earlier, the Framingham Heart Study had reported a link between coronary heart disease and raised cholesterol levels, and by the 1970s the Royal College of Physicians was recommending the replacement of saturated fats by polyunsaturated. But still the association of milk with health is hard to break. Says Tim Lang, professor of food policy at City University, "The contradictions in policy are a leftover from the 1940s, when nutritionists argued, with justification, that milk provided a good technical fix for poverty. Sixty years on, nutritional science has advanced, and important evidence of the impact of saturated fats has come to the fore."

Another reason why official policy on milk is often at odds with medical evidence lies in the conflict of government role, both in Britain and the US. The US department of agriculture, for example, has the twin, and often mutually incompatible, tasks of promoting agricultural products and providing dietary advice. In 2000, it was still recommending two to three servings of dairy products a day, to the rage of critics such as the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. PCRM claimed that six of the 11-member drafting panel had close ties with the meat, egg and dairy industries (five of them with dairy). Britain isn't free from conflict of interest, either. The government is heavily involved in encouraging us to drink milk. The department for the environment, food and rural affairs (Defra) sponsors both the dairy industry and the Milk Development Council, responsible for the generic marketing of milk. Equally parti pris are the British and US dairy councils - apparently the source of public health information, but in reality branches of the milk business. In the UK, the National Dairy Council is the promotional arm of the industry, funded by dairy farmers, milk processors and manufacturers. Its website includes the "fact" that eating three portions of dairy products a day significantly lowers cholesterol and the risk of coronary heart disease. Of course, it's no crime for the industry to promote itself; what's disturbing is its masquerading as a disinterested source of incontrovertible information.

What has galvanised the whole debate has been a major change in our dietary habits. We just aren't drinking milk in the quantities we used to. The British went down from 30.55 gallons each a year in 1969 to 25.42 in 1993; by 2001, this had fallen further. But the milk industry is fighting back.

For years, milk producers thought their product so essential that it didn't need marketing - you don't promote water or air, after all. But when sales declined because of anxieties about cholesterol, the rise of eating out and competition from soft drinks and bottled water, they realised it was time for a makeover. Out went the goody-two-shoes image, and in its place came the birth of cool. Milk was repositioned by major ad campaigns. The first was the "Got Milk?" campaign, launched in California in 1993, in which celebrities and high-profile sports figures were adorned with a white milk moustache: Naomi Campbell, Serena Williams, Melanie Griffiths, the cast of Friends - all were featured with one. The idea has now travelled to Britain, where milk's unhip image is challenged by the National Dairy Council's The White Stuff campaign, launched in 2000 (and co-funded by Defra). It plays the macho card (white stuff/right stuff), suggesting that milk drinkers are as tough as aviation heroes, reinforced by a punchline demanding, "Are you made of it?" (calcium and strong bones, that is). Recruiting homegrown celebrities such as George Best and Chris Eubank, it increased UK sales.

The Americans also tried to staunch the flow away from milk by introducing flavoured milks. Forget chocolate, strawberry or banana; today, you can choose between "Orange Scream: a whole new concept in milk" (contents: cellulose gum, pectin, soy protein, high fructose corn sugar, sugar and annatto colour), cappuccino-flavoured milk, caffeine milk, even root beer milk. And anyone for carbonated milk, with carbon dioxide for added fizz?

In Britain, the industry is promoting the provision of milk in primary schools, and installing milk bars in secondary schools. On average, each bar shifts 10,000 litres a year. The final, and perhaps most insidious, dimension of the dairy fightback is funding research. Michael Zemel is director of the Nutrition Institute at the University of Tennessee; his study demonstrating that the consumption of skimmed milk, yogurt and cheese can lessen the risk of obesity attracted international publicity, as well as an enthusiastic press release from the National Dairy Council, which omits to reveal that it funds him. A recent Zemel study shows that people who included three servings of Yoplait Light yogurt in their diet lost significantly more weight than those in the control group (another of his funders is General Mills, makers of Yoplait Light). The British Nutrition Foundation, however, cites the yogurt study as if it were independent research.

How come it's taken so long to learn about milk's less health-giving properties? Partly it's to do with how research is conducted. Until recently, no one had done the science - the epidemiological and population studies. What's more, though the milk advocates maintain that humans have kept animals for milk products for thousands of years, milk-drinking on the scale we have it now is relatively new. Fresh, raw milk was rarely consumed after childhood until the late 19th century, except in nomadic countries. Milk is essentially a modern, industrial phenomenon - its consumption only really took off after the discovery of pasteurisation in 1864.

In the west, we've moved very fast (in historical terms) from undernutrition to overnutrition, from insufficiency to excess. While milk had a major role to play early in the last century, today's nutritional needs are different. Says Lang, "I'm not saying that milk is lousy. It does have lots of nutrients and is a rich source of energy, quickly taken up in an easily digestible form - good when children were short and you needed growth. But should we be basing our diets on it today, as though without dairy we couldn't survive? I'd say no."

Alongside the researchers raising questions about milk sits the more inflammatory animal rights movement, which has recently focused its attention on dairy farming and what it argues is its intrinsic cruelty. For a long time, those concerned about animal welfare seemed magically to exempt milk from their preoccupations. They suffered from what Richard Young of the Soil Association calls "the vegetarian fallacy": non-meat-eaters who still drink milk and so perpetuate the cycle that ends in crated veal calves destined for European dinner tables. Now many of them have begun to contend that, organic or not, there's no such thing as humane milk. For in order to lactate, cows - like humans - first have to get pregnant. Calves are essentially the waste by-product of the industry. What happens to them once they've done what they were created to do - stimulate a cow's milk production by the very fact of their being conceived? Male udderless cows are of no value to the dairy industry, so if prices for male calves are low and the veal route unprofitable, most are killed within a couple of weeks for baby food or pies, to make rennet, or sent to rendering plants to be turned into tallow or grease or, in other countries, animal feed. Female calves, on the other hand, are bred as replacement stock for their mothers. The provision of beef essentially originates in the dairy industry: if we didn't drink milk, we wouldn't have all that extra meat to get rid of.

Though a male calf's life is unenviable, its mother's is no better. To ensure almost continuous lactation, she endures annual pregnancies. Her calf is removed from her within 24 hours of its birth. Calves hardly ever drink their mother's milk.

Like agribusinesses everywhere, milk producers have tried to increase output while cutting costs. The victims are the cows. Today, from the age of two, they're expected to produce up to 10,000 litres of milk during their 10-month lactation stint (before they dry off, are re-inseminated and the whole process starts up again). Milked once or twice (or even three times) daily while pregnant, they produce around 20 litres a day, 10 times as much as they'd need to feed a calf. The amount of milk cows are required to make each day has almost doubled in the past 30 years, because having a smaller number of high-yielding cows reduces a farmer's feed, fertiliser, equipment, labour and capital costs. That's why the variety of cattle breeds in Europe has declined so much - everyone wants the high-yielding black-and-white Holstein-Friesens.

You don't need to be sentimental about animals to pity the poor bloated creatures, dragging around their vast, abnormally heavy udders. Many each year go lame, and they rarely live longer than four or five years, compared with a natural lifespan of around 25 years. Then they are slaughtered. The official view is that not only do dairy farmers care about their cows, but that it's in their interests to keep them healthy. The reality is that overmilking, problems with cleanliness and the choice of high-yielding breeds together cause more than 30 incidents of mastitis per 100 British cows each year. Mastitis is a painful infection of the udder. Cows' mastitis has implications for human health, too, because to control infection farmers use more antibiotics. Although milk from cows being treated with antibiotics must be discarded and can't be sold, there are far more antibiotics in commercial use than are tested for.

The industry's most indefatigable foe, Robert Cohen, a former scientific researcher and author of Milk: The Deadly Poison, has declared, "We are at war... Monsanto is the enemy." The object of Cohen's wrath is Posilac, Monsanto's trade name for rBST, recombinant bovine somatotropin, which is injected into cows to get them to produce more milk. This synthetic growth hormone, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993, boosts a cow's milk output up to 15%. According to the FDA, hormone-treated milk is "not significantly different" from untreated milk. Cohen, along with other critics, disagrees. He went on a 206-day hunger strike to pressurise (unsuccessfully) the FDA into banning Posilac. Cohen et al maintain that greater levels of IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor-1) in rBST milk are linked to breast and colon cancer, hypertension and diabetes. On the other hand, respected health bodies, such as the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, World Health Organisation, American Council on Science and Health, and American Medical Association, have all confirmed the safety of milk supplemented with rBST. Perhaps the most bizarre aspect of the rBST milk saga has been the introduction since 1993, in 13 US states, of Food Disparagement Acts. Hitherto only a living person or company could be libelled, but under this legislation you can now libel fruits, vegetables, cattle, even fish, and be sued for large sums. Opponents claim that the acts are just another weapon designed to intimidate critics and curtail evolving nutritional knowledge. It was under this act that Oprah Winfrey was sued when, in the wake of the UK's mad cow disease outbreak, a guest on her show disparaged beef. In one sense, this needn't bother us, since the EU, along with Canada, Japan and 100 other countries, has banned rBST milk because of its effects on animal (rather than human) health and welfare. On the other hand, there are no restrictions on the import of rBST dairy products, or a requirement to label them. And even if we scrupulously try to avoid GM products ourselves, we're drinking milk from cows unable to do the same, since 6% of animal feed in Britain is made up of GM products (maize, soya and corn).

If you're struck by the absurdities in the milk story so far, this last part will have you thinking you've woken up in the middle of a Dalí painting. It concerns the common agricultural policy (CAP), a system so opaque and complex that it seems expressly designed to elude (or should that be evade?) public scrutiny. In her recent briefing on the dairy industry, Land Of Milk And Money?, for Sustain, an alliance of more than 100 national public interest and farming organisations, Vicki Hird unearthed its follies. Here are some gems:
In 2001, CAP provided ?16bn of direct and indirect support to dairy production, and yet, over the past 10 years, average farm income has all but collapsed. Most British dairy farmers sell milk at less than it costs to produce - they get around 18p for a litre that sells for 43p in the supermarket. CAP subsidies to traders allow dairy products to be dumped (exported below cost) on to the international market, destroying the livelihoods of thousands of small-scale farms in countries such as Jamaica and Kenya. Equally bizarrely, the EU imports Brazilian soya beans to feed to its cows, then sells some of the resultant surplus milk powder back to Brazil.

The WHO recommends that we consume not more than 10% of our total calories from saturated fat, but CAP encourages milk fat production and subsidises schools to buy full-fat (but not fat-free) milk and food manufacturers to buy surplus butter. And just when nutritionists have vaunted the healthiness of the fruit- and vegetable-dominated Mediterranean diet, those Mediterranean countries joining the EU, and therefore CAP, have increased milk production and consumption, and decreased fruit and veg production.

This trend, known as "nutrition transition," is not, Hird argues, inevitable but shaped by food policy and pricing. It gets worse: milk quotas are set by CAP at a level that guarantees a
surplus, allowing cheap export, yet in the UK the current milk quota is not enough to meet domestic need. Milk quota (effectively the right to produce milk) can be traded as if it were milk. Until the end of 2003, even non-producers were allowed to rent and lease it - so, for instance, Manchester United has traded in milk quota.

And the final insult: a large proportion of subsidised skimmed milk powder surplus to European requirements is sold cheaply to veal producers, who then feed it to calves. In other words (and with only a dash of poetic licence), after the calves have been forcibly removed from their mothers, the milk they would have been drinking is turned into powder and fed back to them. At taxpayers' expense.

So what's the alternative? Compulsory veganism and the banning of milk? The dairy industry is the single largest agricultural sector in Britain, which is the third largest milk producer in the EU. It generates £6bn in retail sales, and can't just be wished away. Nor do most of us respond well to attempts to police our eating habits. Yet what we eat and drink isn't just the result of individual choice and cultural tradition: the contents of our shopping trolleys are at least equally shaped by government policy and official decisions.

Dr Tim Lobstein, co-director of the Food Commission, an independent watchdog on food issues, is scathing about dairy overproduction. He advocates the removal of all EU subsidies from dairy production, with the money going to support sustainable forms of food production, including some organic dairy farming. What would he say to struggling dairy farmers? "I can't help to stay in business the producers of commodities that aren't helping human health - they'll have to find alternative employment. The EU should help farmers transfer to products more helpful to human health, such as horticulture."

Why, Lobstein asks, do we need to import onions from Tasmania or beans from Kenya? Perhaps the ultimate folly is the import of New Zealand apples into a country in which so much of that fruit is grown already. Hird's report recommends more radical CAP reform, the removal of free school milk, the adoption by the WTO of anti-dumping measures, as well as other structural changes that would produce "less, better milk from happier cows."

Of course, changing food policy and individual eating habits is hard and slow. The first major step is a national debate about milk production and consumption - a real one, not the kind the government has conducted on GM foods. Part of this debate will have to be a frank appraisal of whether milk can jeopardise human health. Finding a way of discussing milk that neither evangelises nor demonises will be tough. So, too, is distinguishing the dogma from the science, especially since the research is so often conflicting. Yet it seems increasingly clear that dairy prodicts alone probably don't protect bone health in the way we've long thought, and that calcium intake on its own has only a small effect on bone density.

At the same time (and Atkins notwithstanding), while some fats are essential, the human body does not thrive on excessive amounts of milk fat. Yet milk's connotations are so primordial, its associations so pastoral and the interests that promote it so enormous, that changing the way we think about it, and drink it, will be a process every bit as challenging and root-and-branch as the loss of unquestioning religious faith.

Back To Top

 

To the milk critics, the shibboleth that osteoporosis is caused by calcium deficiency is one of the great myths of our time. Mark Hegsted, a retired Harvard professor of nutrition, has said, "To assume that osteoporosis is due to calcium deficiency is like assuming that infection is due to penicillin deficiency." In fact, the bone loss and deteriorating bone tissue that take place in osteoporosis are due not to calcium deficiency but rather to its resorption: it's not that our bodies don't get enough calcium, rather that they excrete too much of what they already have.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

For a long time, those concerned about animal welfare seemed magically to exempt milk from their preoccupations. Non-meat-eaters who still drink milk perpetuate the cycle that ends in crated veal calves destined for European dinner tables. In order to lactate, cows--like humans--first have to get pregnant. Calves are essentially the waste by-product of the industry. What happens to them once they've done what they were created to do --stimulate a cow's milk production by the very fact of their being conceived?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

T Colin Campbell, the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at Cornell University, said that "cows' milk protein may be the single most significant chemical carcinogen to which humans are exposed."



Home »
What Is BodyFueling? » Herbal Defense » BodyfuelingExcerpts » Herbal Defense Excerpts » Praise for Herbal Defense
News/Info/Tips/Tools » Bookstore » Eco-Shopping
» Links » Reader Mail » Reviews » Questions & Answers » Recipes » Food Brands
Articles » BodyFueling® Workshop Testimonials » BodyFueling® Reader Comments » Workshops/Consultations » About The Authors